Policy and Contexts essays

Strategy and Contexts articles For the accompanying task, I will sum up and decipher an arrangement of archives and editorials I have gathered that address the investigation of Policy and Contexts. In the first place, I will give full bibliographical reference to each bit of writing, alongside a short foundation and the principle thoughts that have been passed on. I will at that point draw out and portray a portion of the talks in the writing, demonstrating the suppositions and qualities about different components associated with the field of worker's organization preparing in the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union (AMWU). Newman, M 1993, Union culture, in The third agreement: Theory and practice in worker's guild preparing, Stewart Victor Publishing, pp. 15-20. This part is contained in an honor winning book (Houle Award for Literature in Adult Education) composed by Michael Newman. He has broad experience as a grown-up teacher, working in both the United Kingdom and Australia in the fields of network, tertiary and worker's organization instruction. Right now, he is a senior speaker at the University of Technology, Sydney, in the School of Adult and Language Education. The point of this part is to furnish its crowd with a mindfulness that in spite of the fact that there are huge social contrasts between numerous associations, there are likewise numerous components that add to a general association culture that exists all through the entire association development. Newman starts the section by sketching out what a few people groups view of what the association development is. He at that point endeavors to illuminate the peruser by giving a general definition, alongside certain instances of how associations vary from one another. A clarification of the auxiliary changes that were occurring inside the association development is then introduced, alongside certain instances of the challenges that happen when the way of life from various associations need to meet up to fill in as one. The rest of the part at that point sees five factors that contribut... <!

Sri Lankan Civil War free essay sample

PrabhakaranThe Sri Lankan Civil War was a contention battled on the island of Sri Lanka. Starting on 23 July 1983, there was an irregular revolt against the administration by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (the LTTE, otherwise called the Tamil Tigers), a dissident activist association which battled to make an autonomous Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island. Following a 26-year military battle, the Sri Lankan military crushed the Tamil Tigers in May 2009, finishing the common war. 1] For more than 25 years, this common war caused critical hardships for the populace, condition and the economy of the nation, with an expected 80,000â€100,000 individuals slaughtered during its course. [16] During the early piece of the contention, the Sri Lankan powers endeavored to retake the territories caught by the LTTE. The strategies utilized by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam against the activities of Government powers brought about their posting as a psychological militant association in 32 nations, including the United States, India, Canada and the part countries of the European Union. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sri Lankan Civil War or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 17] The Sri Lankan government powers have additionally been blamed for human rights mishandles, orderly exemption for genuine human rights infringement, absence of regard for habeas corpus in self-assertive confinements and constrained vanishings. [18] After two many years of battling and four bombed attempts settled talks, including the fruitless organization of the Indian Army, the Indian Peace Keeping Force from 1987 to 1990, an enduring arranged settlement to the contention seemed conceivable when a truce was proclaimed in December 2001, and a truce understanding marked with global intercession in 2002. 19] However, constrained threats restored in late 2005 and the contention started to raise until the legislature propelled various significant military offensives against the LTTE starting in July 2006, driving the LTTE out of the whole Eastern territory of the island. The LTTE at that point pronounced they would continue their opportunity battle to accomplish statehood. [20][21] In 2 007, the administration moved its hostile toward the north of the nation, and officially reported its withdrawal from the truce concurrence on 2 January 2008, asserting that the LTTE abused the understanding more than multiple times. 22] From that point forward, helped by the demolition of various huge arms sneaking vessels that had a place with the LTTE,[23] and a universal crackdown on the subsidizing for the Tamil Tigers, the administration assumed responsibility for the whole territory recently constrained by the Tamil Tigers, including their true capital Kilinochchi, principle army installation Mullaitivu and the whole A9 highway,[24] driving the LTTE to at last concede rout on 17 May 2009. 25] Following the finish of the war, the Sri Lankan government asserted Sri Lanka as the main nation in the cutting edge world to annihilate psychological oppression on its own dirt. [26] Following the LTTEs rout, star LTTE Tamil National Alliance dropped its interest for a different state, for a government arrangement. [27][28] In May 2010, Mahinda Rajapaksa, the leader of Sri Lanka, named the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC) to survey the contention between the hour of the truce understanding in 2002 and the destruction of the LTTE in 2009. [29]

Is Evolution True Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Is Evolution True - Essay Example People who have better endurance attributes will have more prominent possibility of repeating and give those qualities to the off springs (Shubin, 2009). Relative life systems is the proof that two unique types of creatures share comparative anatomical similitudes, for example, comparative bone structures. For instance, whales and hummingbirds have tetrapod skeletons that are acquired from a typical precursor. Be that as it may, their bodies have changed and parts have been lost through common choice. Another model that obviously shows this is the likenesses among crocodiles and gators (Coyne, 2010). Similar embryology is another idea supporting the hypothesis of normal determination. Every single vertebrate incipient organism follow a comparative formative way in view of their basic family. These incipient organisms have a comparative essential body plan because of the comparative arrangement of qualities they display. For instance, the incipient organisms of people, fish, flying creatures and hares look fundamentally the same as during the beginning times. What's more, they all have gill cuts and two-chambered heart (Shubin, 2009). All in all, development by normal determination can at present be displayed in everyday life. For instance, these days microorganisms and infections are continually getting impervious to anti-infection agents that would work successfully already. Likewise, if two individuals get into a battle, the most grounded is probably going to win or whereby the most grounded and quickest sperm cell generally prepares the ovum in

Re-patronage intentions in restaurants - Free Essay Example

Re-patronage Intentions in Restaurants The relationship between Dining attributes Customer satisfaction and Re-patronage Intentions in Restaurants ABSTRACT This Research is intended to study the relationship between dining attributes, customer satisfaction and customers re-patronage intentions in the perspective of the restaurant industry. The respondents were 105 restaurant patrons who completed the self constructed questionnaire. Optimal Scaling (CATREG) indicated that dining attributes and customer satisfaction has a positive association on customers re-patronage intentions. This analysis highlighted Dining Attributes and customer satisfaction is significant predictors to customers re-patronage intentions. As in comparison Customer Satisfaction is stronger predictor then Dining Attributes. Key words: Dining Attributes, Customer Satisfaction, Re-patronage Intentions, Restaurant Industry INTRODUCTION In this research the main focused is to find the direct effect of Dining attributes Customer satisfaction on Customers Re-patronage intentions in Restaurants Industry. The dining practice is the part of hospitality industry which is very complex as in term of customer satisfaction and expectation meet. This difficulty is due to the level of customer participation in the service procedure (Kandampully, 1997; Parasuraman, Zeithaml, Berry, 1985). Customers view of the dining perceptive is highly linked by intentions from the dealings with the service agent. Nightingale (1979). In the model in Figure 1, this shows the relationship between dining attributes customer satisfaction and Re-patronage intentions in restaurants. Also, the dining service classification is based in response of customer feedback, telling that service quality exist barely in the insight of the customer, not in that of service providers (Kandampully, 1997). As conclude that, understanding of customer wants about the dining practice becomes very essential part to in the success of restaurants. The purpose of study fold in two parts: one suggests that how important is dining attributes in term of Re-patronage intentions and second part suggest the customer satisfaction which leads Re-patronage intentions in restaurants. The role of dining attributes and customer satisfaction is very important for knowing the customer intentions, would they will visit to that restaurants again or not. Restaurants should focused not only quality food and service but to retain the level of satisfaction and like to delight the customer. Customer wants should be met and this way customer will feel satisfy and willing to come again in restaurants. In this dynamic environment meeting customer requirement is difficult task as it varies from customer to customer. Achieving the customer satisfactions will leads towards market share as well as loyalty towards your restaurants. Restaurant is like a brand in hospitality industry and to maintain the progress of brand its necessary to keep the effective measure in terms of customer demands and fulfillments. While considering the dining practice, dining attributes has large number of factors that influence the customers demands and satisfaction and in review of research there is food, service, ambience and convenience in corporate as part of research. Customer satisfaction is mostly measure as expectancy disconfirmation model which tells that if customers expectation met that shows customer is satisfied. To be in need of success of restaurants its very important for the manager of the restaurant to meet the customer requirements and demands should be fulfill as per customers perceptions. Dining practice is a combination of quality and service provided by restaurants providers. Basically the restaurants industry based on valuing to customer and their wants should be met. The general concept of dining experience is most critical while considering influential factor cause its not necessary the review research focused on all factors which are treated as dining factors. The point of view in this paper recommend that the customers dining decision whether to return back or not to revisit restaurant is the moment of final truth for the restaurateur, as contrasting to simply customers decision to revisit the restaurant. As Lowenstein (1995) conclude, it is one thing to be a magnet for the customers, but reasonably another to remain them returning. If we are to admit the notion, in consumer studies and marketing literature that come again or repurchase is an outcome of satisfaction, then the conclusion to revisit to the restaurant, while conducting this research observation made that customer decide to re-patronage on bases of performance met or expectation exceed. LITERATURE REVIEW Whether we live to eat or eat to live, food always plays a fundamental role in the lives of human being. The significance of foodstuff cannot be overstated from the physiological viewpoint; food gives us sustenance; while on the other hand from a psychological point of view food is classified as a basic need. Food can also characterize a product used to describe self-actualization. Therefore, individual can quarrel that above and beyond provided that nourishment food plays a variety of roles together at individual and group level (David Njite, 2005). Eating is observably a daily action and necessity for all human beings. Depending on individuals reason for eating at restaurants, individual intentionally or instinctively assess a multifarious set of attributes ahead of choosing a restaurant. The significance involved to these restaurant attributes is ultimately evaluated in the patrons mind, leading to a decision of purchasing. Some factors, like age, company and even social division come into take part in to amplify these attributes as the customer makes a decision of purchase (David Njite, 2005). In todays fast rapidity and progressively more competitive market, the base line of a firms promotion and marketing strategies, tactics and procedure is to make profits and add to the growth of the company. Customer satisfaction, contentment, quality of the service, excellence and retention are global matter that influences all organizations. This include all type of organizations, it can be large or small, global or local profit or non-profit, services provider (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). The restaurant industry has undoubtedly not been free from either augmented competition or from increasing customer expectations regarding quality. In the greatly competitive food industry, large operators chain have a propensity to gain competitive gain in the course of cost leadership, likely only due to standardization and economies of scale beginning from large market shares, while smaller, independent restaurants on the other hand endeavor to gain benefit through differentiation (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). The food industry is highly aggressive and patrons have also become more demanding due to sufficient knowledge and information they have about the different trends in restaurant industry which causes increase the significance of effective marketing strategies to get the competitive advantage in order to understand the wants and needs of the customers (David Njite, 2005). Numerous companies are paying attention in studying, assessing and implementing the marketing strategies with the aim of gaining maximum market share of customers and improving customer retention in analysis of the advantageous effects on the monetary performance for the organization. Customer satisfaction, contentment, quality of the service, excellence and retention are global matter that influences all organizations. This include all type of organizations, it can be large or small, global or local profit or non-profit (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). Customer satisfaction is defined as the consumers fulfillment response. It is a judgment that the service or product features, its attributes provided a delightful level of consumption associated achievement including levels of under fulfillment or over fulfillment (Jochen Wirtz, Anna s. Mattila, Rachel l. P. Tan, 2000).This definition of satisfaction proposes that the assessment method covers the whole utilization experience. This feature is essential in the learning of consumer satisfaction in services, given the empirical, interactive character of service encounter (Bateson and Hoffman, 1999). Customer satisfaction is a key element for the planning of the marketing in view of the fact that satisfaction does sway customers intention to re-patronage the restaurant. Therefore, marketers are supposed to look into the issues that would have an effect on customer satisfaction intensity. Besides, as customer prospect are altering over time and it is advised to determine the customer satisfaction and expectation on regular basis and grip complaints timely and effectively (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). Customer satisfaction is regularly used as a sign of whether patrons will come back to a restaurant. Whereas there is no agreement of a satisfied customers repeat visit, it is nearly certain that a not satisfied patron will not return. A study of the basics or attributes of patron satisfaction be supposed to give indication concerning what action a restaurant service manager must take to raise the probability that patrons will appear back. It appears that study is not often concluded that the remarkable rate of malfunction in the restaurant service industry advices that the management can find the targets of converting patron satisfaction into financial achievement a vague one. We accept as true that restaurant failures are partially a consequence of managements lack of strategic direction in determining and focusing on customer contentment and satisfaction (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994) The majority of the preceding customer satisfaction researches are mentioned in the literature that has pay attention on recognizing the resource of customer contentment such as characteristic and attributes and on determining useful ways to establish consumers desires, wants and needs. On the other hand, significant dissimilarity comes out in the level of specify of the characteristic investigated (JaksÃÆ'?a Kivela, Robert Inbakaran, John Reece, 1999). Customer satisfaction is vital to the restaurant management for the reason that it is normally assumed to be a noteworthy determinant of replicate sales, customer loyalty and affirmative word of mouth. The more pleased the customers, the larger are their retention (Anderson and Sullivan, 1993). The impacts of customer satisfaction on customer retention are bringing into being to be momentous and positive. Specially, the customer satisfaction will influence the re patronage intentions (Taylor, S. A., and Baker, 1994). Quality is defined as a nil defects doing it right for the first time. Information and knowledge about goods quality is inadequate to recognize service quality. In customers mind when there is no defect in the overall dining service, then they consider the quality of the food is good enough for them (Parasuraman et al., 1985). Quality is all about eliminating internal failures that means all shortcomings before the product leaves from the factory and the external failures are the defects after usage of the product (Garvin 1983). In Early research and study efforts in measuring and defining quality were mainly centred in the tangible goods, whereas the apparently more complicated services products was ignored. Products quality was conventionally correlated to the technical stipulation of products, with the most description of quality coming up from the manufacturing goods sector where excellence and quality control has inward drawn out awareness and research (Gronroos, 1990). The significance of elevated quality service given to business success, there are various prospective benefits for the management of restaurants from performing a customer-based assessment of the service quality veteran at their organization. In restaurant industry, the intangible nature of services means that particular specifications for the homogeneous quality of service are complicated if at all probable to set. This sometimes put together it difficult for restaurant managers, workforce and patrons to calculate, measure, assessment or confirm service productivity and service quality (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). A restaurant service engages a route or a performance in which customers are involved in the overall service production process. This happens due to the interaction of the consumers with the service surroundings and personnel throughout the utilization experience, understanding consumers sentimental response become vital in replicating satisfaction in a service locale. Earlier research in services has made known that affective processes throughout the consumption phase might play a straight, unmediated role in determining customer satisfaction (Liljander and Strandvik, 1996). Quantifying service quality is a difficult task because the idea of service quality is intrinsically insubstantial in nature and complicated to define (Kandampully, 1997).The concept of service quality comprises the tangible and intangible fundamentals most essential to consumers. Service quality has been related to customer satisfaction, contentment and loyalty as well as the business performance, success and profitability (Lasser, 2000). Branding and its orientation have been wicker strongly into the contemporary act of consumption in restaurants. Undeniably, the previous century will be considered as the century of brands in marketing (Caldwell, 2000). As in numerous other industries, edifice brands have become a key focus of restaurant managers. Furthermore, restaurant managers are relating brand management theories and practices which have done so far, and lots of restaurants are redesigning their business missions to imitate branding orientation rather than they go for product orientation. There is also an influence of brand recall on consumers intensions in choosing a restaurant for dining due to the different discount offers through different mediums of advertising that mostly include the below the line activities that makes restaurants brands that diminish the perceived risk of pay for the food and also indicate the quality of the product that creates their willingness to make wider positive word of mouth, recommendations, and complaint intention (David Njite, 2005; Muller, 1998). Branding keeps on gaining importance in the marketing of restaurants services and marketers have spent lot of money to create and give support to brand images. This have seen in the marketing of strong and well defined brands like Mc Donalds and Kfc fast food restaurants which attracts the customer through their marketing , service and by making brand loyal customers of their products. This increases the re-patronage rate due to satisfied and loyal customer. Particularly, there is lot more to discern about patrons perceive restaurant brands and the comparative weight these links get during purchase decision as there is lot more to discern about patrons perceive restaurant brands and the comparative weight these links get during purchase decision (David Njite, 2005; Muller, 1998). Researchers have acknowledged customer satisfaction, service quality and the loyalty to be similarly important for marketers, because they are responsible for determining dining satisfaction, and they must know the important of dining that must position restaurant functions competitively in the current and future marketplace (Bitner, 1992). Customer satisfaction and the quality of food have long been acknowledged as a essential function for success and endurance in competitive marketplace that have been connected to consumer behavioral intentions as purchase and loyalty intention, their willingness to widen positive word of mouth, recommendation, and complaint intention (Olsen, 2002). The relative significance of a service characteristic and attributes depends on how greatly the re-patronage purchase objective distorted as soon as the level of the attribute distorted (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994) Testing customer demands mean that management of the restaurant must make an effort to deliver not only quality food stuffs and services, but at the same time a high level of dining satisfaction that will lead to increased customer return results in re-patronage of customer and greater market share(John Reece, Robert Inbakaran, JaksÃÆ'?a Kivela , 1999). The consequence of customer satisfaction and contentment in relation to possession rates, return rates and equally management researchers and experts in the generosity field have long urged profitability (Almanza et al, 1994). The amount of customer satisfaction study has improved considerably since the early 1970s, and for the duration of this era, customer satisfaction come into view as a genuine field of enquiry. Come up from this study, a number of theories involving to customer satisfaction contain emerged and were bring in to the literature. The majority of these were attached in cognitive psychology for the reason that of the narrow description of customer satisfaction in earlier research and studies and a few have received reasonable consideration in the literature (JaksÃÆ'?a Kivela, Robert Inbakaran, John Reece, 1999) Purchase behavior of the consumer in restaurants can be pretentious by the surroundings in different ways. We consider atmosphere, which is an attention-building medium that can make restaurant inkling. The center of attention is based on the collective possessions of those clues on customers idiosyncratic through design, sound, motion, and color. Customers are delimited by true rock and roll memorabilia. As a meaning- generating medium, the environment gives discriminative motivation to buyers that facilitate them to identify a restaurants divergences as a source for select that restaurant. For instance, snowy white linen tablecloths, the soft lighting, and crystal chandeliers of a chic restaurant communicate the level of service and a kind of food to customers that create a fine-dining experience (Berry, L, 2006). The indication of Service in selecting by means of restaurant services, customers frequently act like detectives as they investigate for information and standardize their opinions into a set of mind-set regarding the resultant service. For example, the whole thing about the dining attributes of a restaurant or cafÃÆ' © starts from the dining table potential communicate to the customers, with the table top used, if practical sign concern the technical excellence of the service, mainly concerning to whether the service is carry out proficiently Eileen (A. Wall and Leonard L. Berry, 2007). Customer satisfaction, preferences and re-patronage also depends on the taste and freshness of the food in a restaurant that is the main functional clue which is the suitable pacing of the food. Tone of voice, level of enthusiasm smile of a restaurant hostess, body language and sincere greeting of the service employees has a positive impact on customer re-patronage. Customer feels belongingness and sense of affection and importance which makes them satisfy which leads to the brand loyalty for that particular restaurant resulting in the customer re-patronage due to the above mentioned dining attributes which includes functional clues, humanic clues and mechanical clues (Eileen A. Wall and Leonard L. Berry, 2007). Fundamentals such as surface and texture, smell, color, sound, and texture inducing intuitive reactions in restaurant atmosphere that persuades purchase likelihood known as the mechanical clues. For paradigm, the aroma of chocolate chip cookies baking generates affectionate feelings, and stimulates their enthusiasm for a treat (Berry, L. L., E. A. Wall, and L. P. Carbone. 2006). The food and service dining attributes includes the assortment, quality of the menu and presentation of food and beverage offerings (Palmer, A., ONeill, M. 2003). Using this information, restaurant management should focus their efforts and hard work on ensuring an appealing assortment of drink offerings presented in appealing and unique ways. Food and drink quality is an imperative dining attributes to diners representing restaurant management should certify an aggressive quality control agenda is in place to make sure food and drink quality must maintained (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). Food quality is obviously one of the key success factors of any restaurant to satisfy the customer but if there is any rude, bored rigid or an unfriendly server can be the point of fact to spoil the customers restaurant experience still if the food was prepared appropriately (Parsa, H. G., J. T. Self, D. Njite, and T. King. 2005). The importance of the perceived quality in order to get the re-patronage effect in restaurant industry is always considered as a main element to retain in the patrons and the business. The main reason behind that in this industry entry barrier are usually low and any one can easily enter due to investment required that is not on the higher side. So the point is that when ever consumer is satisfy from the arrangement by the management, the quality of the food provided by the staff members with the positive attitude than this result in increasing the loyalty towards the particular restaurant and increases the re-patronage intensions of the customers. This increases in the restaurant business revenue as well and this increases the word of mouth publicity (Bowen and Cummings 1990). Evaluating quality awareness and price elasticity related to quality, suggested that buyers are generally steady in their evaluations of quality. The results of their study showed that there was a strong association between a products attributes and the quality perceptions of the customers (Saleh, F. Ryan, C, 1991).The research also highlighted that customers who pay for high quality foodstuffs also had a low acceptance for deviations from predictable quality (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009) In the restaurant perspective, this entails that customers who want superior dining quality are more sensitive to quality fluctuations and possibly will be less price sensitive but, for example in relation to the relative higher pricing of the menu items and marketing strategies that put together the quality image of the restaurant, ambience and service (Raajpoot, N. A. 2002). Another attention-grabbing finding was that a products higher volume rate like for instance, fast food restaurants resulted in a lower sensitivity side to quality. This shows that management of restaurants must segment the market based on the food usage rate includes the repeat purchase of the particular item and quality preferred (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). The previous research shows the effect of physical quality construct on behavioral intentions for restaurant consumer and finds that influence is a strong moderator between tangible quality constructs and behavioral intentions when cognition affect actions archetype is applied to the restaurant location (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). It was found that tangible quality has a bigger circumlocutory effect than the straight effect indicates from a theoretical point of view; affect was a fractional mediator, facilitating the association among tangible quality and behavior (Wakefield, K., L., Blodgett, J., G., 1996). Tangible quality on its own may have a weaker influence and effect on behavior, but it helps in developing feelings and sense of attachment towards the restaurant, which results in a stronger influence on behavior. Restaurants supposed to strive for enlightening positive feelings to their brand name by maneuvering tangible attributes (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). An intangible service delivery element is not surprisingly the most noteworthy constructs influencing customer affect to restaurants are food and service, staff, and convenience (Sureshchander, G. S., Rajendran, C., Anatharaman, R., N. 2002). Customers craving high quality products suitably prepared and will reward restaurant management with their devotion and loyalty. The consumption of seasonal foodstuffs, awareness of existing trends in menu offerings and preparation, and the audacity to initiate new techniques of preparation of conventional stuff are some implication for restaurant management (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). As an outcome, the restaurants whole environment of service, the atmospherics of feelings of the surroundings is always very imperative in seminal both patrons and front line staff attitude about the procedures and service delivery outcome. This entails that, it was very important that the awareness of the tangible pressure on service quality, such as the substantial and physical facilities, and the appearance of personnel (Bowen and Cummings 1990). The team build addresses the identical, approach, and gender mix. The importance of gender mix is important for management so that they understand the importance of diversity of gender in their service workforce. Member of staff serving at table received larger tips from patrons who are the opposed gender than from patrons comparing to the one who is same in gender (Hubbard et al., 2003). It is likely to conclude from the larger tips received from server of the opposite sex that the restaurant patrons take pleasure in being served by the server of the opposite sex, so it is suggested to the management to make sure that there should be a mix of genders within the service staff. Therefore researcher believes that it is safe to put together the allegation that the selection of persons with an optimistic service orientation is in the superlative interests of restaurant management (Hubbard et al., 2003). There is significance of the Costumes worn by restaurant service workers are considerable to customer satisfaction. They bring into being that service staff uniforms positively added to the overall player satisfaction (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). One more factor for the customer re-patronage which really brings customers back is that the customer likes to have a positive attitude of employee throughout the dining as a support for the disputation that employee approach is strongly linked with customer satisfaction. Ease and the location of the restaurant is also considerable and also the other factor influence customers to select that particular restaurant which satisfy their needs and wants regarding quality of the food and the restaurant environment. This leads in the increase of the re-patronage rate and the loyalty of the customers towards that restaurant diners have an effect on restaurant (Johnson et al, 2004). The convenience of location includes the parking space, seating availability in the restaurant; the nearness to roof-tops like peoples residence, hotels, and motels is significant for the accomplishment of restaurants all through the dinner mealtime duration. The consequences of well-situated parking must not be the lost upon restaurant management. Often the cost of attaining parking near to a restaurant is sighted as a non-revenue generating expenditure. This specifies the value of given that well-located parking along with the direct consequence it has on consumer intentions to patronize a restaurant (Kuo et al. 1999). The significance of the physical excellence raise of foodstuff and service and convenience to restaurant administration is to facilitate these constructs that have an affirmative association with influence which is completely linked with customer intentions to re-patronize a restaurant. The objective of most restaurants is to obtain and maintain customers; restaurant administration organized with the information get that will be better prepared to accomplish their aim (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). The front line workforce should be well trained to be extra quick to responsive and susceptible to customer desires; accordingly providing services to facilitate that are more proficient, successful, effective and efficient. Adding up, the atmosphere of the restaurant can also be enhanced by make certain cleanliness and favorable ambience with suitable music and lighting (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). There is a intense deficient in understanding about dining satisfaction and pleasure and post-dining behavioral intentions in the customer literature reviewed studied so far away, and up till now, according to the literature allude to, aspects concerning to customer satisfaction and return patronage are elementary when put together business and marketing strategies of the organization. It is suggested that commonly and normally used indicators of customer satisfaction comprise repeat patronage behavior, brand loyalty and reliability and at last word of mouth recommendation (Lowenstein 1995). The basics or attributes of patron pleasure be supposed to give intimation concerning what proceedings a food restaurant manager ought to take to raise the chances that patrons will appear back. Managing for most favorable buyer happiness requires that liking information is used to put forward those strategies that can help a restaurant business manager can boost up its performance (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994). The features of satisfied patrons illustrated that the satisfaction with a food eaten results beginning a convergence of quite a few attributes, together with food superiority, menu assortment, environment, consistency of a food quality, and waiting time for a meal to deliver. For every potential development in service blueprint, managers must ballpark figure the marginal variation in satisfaction and reiterate purchase that would affect commencing a particular change in the standards of operations (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994). In restaurants tangibles are appropriate to the restaurants physical facilities, paraphernalia and manifestation of personnel. While restaurant patrons do not take delivery of only serving of food, but also a huge component of service, they undeniably depend on erstwhile indication in the deficiency of tangible verification by which to measure service quality (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). Whenever we talk about Customer satisfaction, consistency refers to the administration 0f the organisations capability to execute the agreed service reliably and precisely. In restaurants this may well engage reservations of dining tables, obedience to patron requirements concerning the preparation of items listed in the menu and exact billing. This helps the management to retain their existing customers and at same time attracts the different other customers (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). In the case of customer satisfaction Receptiveness refers to the eagerness of service giver to facilitate patrons and make available quick service. Professed service quality may perhaps be improved if patrons are support with the mauve list and bill of fare and if a worker responds suitably to a patrons asked for quick service. Customer always feel admire and important if they get the best service and respect from the overall management of the restaurant specially from the behaviour of the front line staff that increases the comfort level of patrons and at the same time makes them brand loyal to that particular restaurant (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). In the case of customer satisfaction, Declaration relates to the awareness along with courteousness of workforce and their aptitude to enthuse faith and self-reliance so that patrons must be competent to belief the suggestions of the sommelier be aware of confident that foodstuff is gratis from blemish and be capable to voice any anxiety exclusive of apprehension of offence or accusation (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). Considering customer satisfaction, Compassion refers to the compassionate, individualised consideration the restaurant endows with to its patrons. This possibly will engross workforce provided that personalised consideration to consumers desires, conceivably by sticking to special food desires, or by being concerned to patrons exertion (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). It is constructive to evaluate service quality of restaurants contained by the identical industry segment. Information of a restaurants potency and weaknesses in relative to its competitors is able to help out administration modify its promotional communication so that competitive benefit is maximized. To additional successfully pose itself in the market, a restaurant may put emphasis on definite service strength and other characteristics on which competitors execute more knowledgeably Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). In case of large restaurants franchised group, this kind of relative study and positioning might be important. Besides, while the performance of anyone of the outlet can impinge on the reputation of a whole network, identifying and recuperating those outlets that have a delicate association in the series can be vital. Valuable curriculum in marketing, human resource and man oeuvre be capable also be learnt as of those outlets where service exceeds or meets expectations of the patrons (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). There has been a strong support for the espousal of consumer retention in restaurants as one of the key performance indicators (Kaplan and Norton, 2001) It has found that there is a high association between customer retention and the profit earn by the industries (Reichheld and Sasser 1990). The fragmentation of media choices and the active nature of the marketplace, tied with an enlarged number of additional demanding and prosperous consumers, brought bigger challenges to marketing practitioners in keeping hold of their regular customers (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). The one of the fact is that business like restaurants is considered as a low credibility service and that is one of the reason that quality of the services are complicated to prove until consumers patronize the restaurant. Furthermore, the service quality that customers come across may be dissimilar apiece time they visit that particular restaurant, thus persuading the level of contentment and ultimately upsetting their re-patronage intentions (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). Both service value and customer satisfaction is extensively acknowledged as practices of repurchase intentions. Though, it is understood that restaurant possessor would like to identify the strongest influence on re-patronage intentions. A recent study divulges that customer satisfaction is the better predictor of intention comparing to service quality to repurchase. Increasing trend in re- patronage is always due to service quality which is provided by the management to the patrons and at the same time customer should be satisfied. Any of the factor missing may cause the decrease in loyalty of the customer towards that particular restaurant and customers are unwilling to re-visit for dining to the same restaurant (Ravald and Gronroos, 1996). In researches, results we found that managing for most select patron satisfaction necessitates so as to satisfaction statistics be used in previous researches advise implement the positioning strategies with the intention of helping a business whittle a niche. Each restaurant has its own strategies to get the competitive edge in the market. Such information is able to facilitate to modify the restaurant service so that it congregates the desires of the target market segment (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994). Due to the satisfied customers, data is supposed to lead to productive achievement tactics and better resource scheduling decisions, constructing cost and quality controls further effectual. Supporting a firms competitive benefit and enduring productivity and profitability possibly will better rely on the incorporation of patron satisfaction into the service organizations strategies and operations that helps the restaurant management to look their positions in the long run completion in the industry (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994). There may possibly be a countervailing competitive consequence to enhance in product differentiation. Revelation of restaurant sanitation grades may serve up to decrease search costs for patrons. Positive completion always ends in setting new ideas and innovation in the mind of the management of the management that makes them superior and differentiated in the industry in between the existing market players (Ginger Zhe Jin and Phillip Leslie). In some countries like Germany, there is a system of Grade cards according to the quality differentiation in restaurants what decrease the expenditure of learning whether an individual restaurant has high-quality hygiene, and possibly will give confidence to patrons to go to restaurants they want or else would not have. This may perhaps encourage competition among restaurants, by making patrons not as much of incarcerated to any particular restaurants providing inducement for lesser prices, improved food quality, or better hygiene quality food provided and if this result is there, still amongst restaurants with the identical sanitation quality ranking, compulsory revelation may cause lesser prices or enhanced food quality (Ginger Zhe Jin and Phillip Leslie). In Chinese and French restaurants, patron view of service quality by the side of all proportions drop short of customers expectations, even though an evaluation of the unprejudiced quality scores shows that the French restaurant is nearer to summiting the prospect of its consumers along all extent of service quality than in the Chinese business. It is evident that compassion and consistency are the two extents which plunge the largest part of below patron prospect inside the French restaurant (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). Considering Chinese restaurant possibly will significantly get better its service all along of the intangible dimensions. Nevertheless, to better conclude the features of service mainly commendable of consideration, it is essential to reflect on the comparative significance which patrons put together to the assorted scope of service quality, by appraising their partisan gain. Specifically, if resources are partial, administration would gain mainly from intending on these areas. Staff may need to be hired, trained and encouraged to be extra kind and caring, enthusiastic to facilitate patrons and put forward more rapid and individualized attention. Besides, administration may perhaps get better operational command and control so with the purpose of the service is constantly delivered as promised. Conversely it is noted in the case of the Chinese restaurant that the prejudiced quality scores as well sustain the prior winding up that administration requirements to create a determined attempt to get better service quality in all dimensions of service except for tangibles (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). Expectations of the patrons in restaurant industry were considerably superior when mechanic intimations were optimistic than once they were negative. Therefore, restaurant management may possibly improve perceptions of restaurant regarding service by organizing mechanic intimations. Apart from of the information convey by mechanic clues, conversely, humanic clues control mechanic clues in persuading perceptions of service quality for this informal dining restaurant. This is the reason restaurants that have an exceptional food along with the service but deprived ambience can be triumphant. Superlatively, both clues including humanic and mechanic clues must send a constant message to patrons, but when irregularity happens, it is preeminent to be strong enough in humanic clues. Research findings support that steady application of both humanic and mechanic clues is the ideal. Nevertheless, it has been recognized that this does not occur in labor- rigorous, interactive services. Study suggests the necessary significance of affirmative humanic clues (Eileen A. Wall and Leonard L. Berry, 2007). Pessimistic humanic clues cannot surmount affirmative mechanic clues, but at the same time positive humanic clues are able to prevail over unconstructive mechanic clues. Until now, mechanic clues were furthermore set up to be related with patron expectations in restaurants that are also essential (Eileen A. Wall and Leonard L. Berry, 2007). In order to provide the value addition to know the needs to the consumer and to satisfy them then managers and restaurant administration should understand what patrons value and must understand how consumers perceives their restaurants products and services. So to have a study that divulges consumer perception of all brands is necessary. A study of this type should generate an accepting of how patrons appraise main brands in order to get better both managerial and the academic understanding in the patrons assessment process (Supphellen, 2000). According to the previous researches, it was found that of service quality and satisfaction are the two strongest variables that have direct result on re-patronage intentions of the customers in the restaurant industry and in restaurant settings customer satisfaction appears as a stronger predictor of re-patronage intentions among the mentioned two variables. It has been observed that the perception of customers towards service quality provided is constantly lesser than their expectations. This entails that further endeavor is required to get better service quality of the restaurant (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian) and in services particularly in restaurants; quality is produced all through during the process of service delivery, in stumble upon between staff and patrons (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). Research Hypothesis: H1: Dining attributes are associated with Customers Re-patronage intentions H2: Customer Satisfaction is associated with Customers Re-patronage intentions This Conceptual Framework of the study is about Dining Attributes, Customer satisfaction and Re-patronage Intentions. The primary use of this model is to evaluate Customers Re-patronage intentions in Restaurants. If they return to the restaurants what are those factor which influence them to revisit restaurants. This research identifies the Re-patronage evaluation on bases of dining attributes and customer satisfaction. Originally the model has SQL instead of dining attributes but for this research, modifies the model and used dining attributes instead of Service Quality Source: Cronin, J. J., Brady, M. K., and Hult, G. (2000). Assessing the Effects of Quality, Value, and Customer Satisfaction on Consumer Behavioral Intentions in Service Environments. Journal of Retailing, 76(2), 193-218. The Research paper constructed a conceptual framework (see Figure 1), which help to observe the foretelling aptitude also the nature and potency of relationship between dining attributes, customer satisfaction and re-patronage intentions. The constructed conceptualized model has been better fit in current study. Dining attributes measure such as food, service, ambience and Convenience. Next, customer satisfaction in this research measures in term of patrons which is interlinked with the dining attributes. Lastly, the Re-patronage intention basically to evaluate customers likelihood of visiting the restaurant again Hellier et al. (2003). Dinning attributes on Re-patronage Intentions Substantial practical and theoretical facts in the literature tell that there is a direct association between dining attributes and behavioral intention (Bitner, 1990; Bolton and Drew, 1991a). The various behavioral intentions have been found significant contact of dining attributes in finding re patronage intentions. (Jones and Farquhar, 2003). Customer Satisfaction on Re-patronage Intentions A broad range of studies has been made to maintain the link between customer satisfaction and repatronage intentions (Fornell, 1992; Rust and Zahorik, 1993; Taylor and Baker, 1994; Patterson and Spreng, 1997). Customer Satisfaction is very important to the marketer because it is usually considered to be a significant factor of repeat sales, optimistic word of mouth, and customer loyalty. Likewise, Anderson and Sullivan (1993) have also tells that the more customers is satisfied, their increase in retention. This outlook is also support by Ranaweera and Prabhu (2003) revise that the effects of customer satisfaction on customer retention are found to be considerable and positive. Particularly, the stage of customer satisfaction will prefer repurchase intentions, evidence in past researches(Rust and Zahorik, 1993; Taylor and Baker, 1994; Patterson and Spreng, 1997; Bolton, 1998; Hellier et al., 2003). LIST OF SELECTED VARIABLES Dining Attributes Customer Satisfaction Customers Re-patronage Intentions Dining attributes is the first variable which includes several dining factors which consider while selection of any restaurants. Its aimed to setting priorities. This paper includes dining attributes such as in food, service, ambience and convenience. More defines as food measure in aspect of Variety at menu, palatability/taste, mouth watering, and nutritious value of food. Service includes timely service, staff greets customers, staff willing to serve, and sympathetic handling of complaints. Ambience is very broader term with respect to restaurants industry which evolves cleanliness of restaurants, dining privacy, music, lighting, level of comfort, level of noise in restaurant respectively and view from restaurant. Another major component of measuring dining attributes is Convenience that involves parking space, telephonic reservation, valet parking and location. Dining attributes plays very vital role in restaurant industry or dining survey. Dining attributes influences the custome r to revisit the restaurant Customer Satisfaction is very important in restaurants experience, this play as a key factor for any customers intentions and influence for revisiting restaurants. In this research paper it used as by expectation and performance. Its include that customer satisfied with the food, customer satisfied with service, customer satisfied with ambience and lastly customer satisfied with the convenience factor. It can be surely assumed that customer satisfaction increases customer retention and customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction in this paper been focused by the desire level of expectation and expectation met by the performance. Customer satisfaction is about valuing to customers and its sometime interlinked with service quality. Paying attention on Customer satisfaction in restaurants industry is very necessary. Customer Re-patronage Intentions is the dependable variable of this paper. In this study indentifying that which critical factors influence customer to take decision upon to revisiting restaurants. Intentions consider as subjective judgment because its about how a person will behave in future and mostly used as dependent variables in past studies and satisfaction models (Boulding et al., 1993; Soderlund and Ohman, 2003). Rust, Zahorik and Keiningham (1995) argue that actual purchase intentions and re-purchase pattern are not essentially the same. Limitations of the model RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study find out the relationship between dining attributes, customer satisfaction and customers Re patronage intentions and this execute particularly in restaurant industry, how customers decide to revisit the restaurant and what are those factors which influences the customer for returning back to restaurants again and again. Instrument: Questionnaires were used as an instrument for data collection. Questionnaire consists of two parts. First part of questionnaire based on dining attributes which should be filled before having meal, in which level of expectation measure. Second and the last part are based on the customer satisfaction which measures the level of satisfaction patrons had after having meal in restaurants. The instrument is in the form of closed ended questionnaire. Answers were recorded in the Likert five point scales. For Measuring Dining Attributes Likert Scale were as: Very important = 5 Important = 4 Somewhat important = 3 Not important = 2 Very unimportant = 1 For Measuring Customer Satisfaction Likert Scale were as: Highly agreed = 5 Agree= 4 Somewhat agree= 3 Disagree= 2 Highly disagree= 1 Pre-Testing The constructed instrument was pre-tested, where 5 to 6 sample questionnaire to be filled, to know if there are any problem with the instrument and therefore it was simple to understand and figure out the questions or not. Through pre-testing it was found that all respondents felt at ease in responding and instrument was interested to them. Reliability Test Reliability refers to the property of a measurement instrument that causes it to give similar results for related inputs. The Reliability Analysis procedure calculates a number of commonly used measures of scale reliability and also provides information about the relationships between individual items in the scale. Intraclass correlation coefficients can be used to compute inter-rater reliability estimates (Tutorial, SPSS 17 version). Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .811 25 Cronbachs Alpha is the model of internal consistency, based on the average inter-item correlation. Here the value of Cronbachs Alpha is 0.811 which indicates that the data is consistent (Multivariate data analysis, sixth edition Joseph F. Hair). Sampling technique and Sample size: Sample size selected for the study was 6 five star restaurants on the basis of their Dining Attributes, customer satisfaction and Customers Re-patronage Intentions that included expectation and performance. The sampling technique selected in the study is convenience sampling method. We include only five star restaurants because of the limitation of model. Respondents The data used in the study was collected from the five star restaurants operating in Karachi Pakistan. Respondents are restaurants patrons. Those who seated in restaurants and having meal. Procedures Questionnaire was used as an instrument to collect a data and for this study data is collected by dining survey. Make personal visit to the restaurants and meet respondents. Instrument filled by restaurants patrons. Statistical tool used: In this research we used Optimal Scaling (categorical regression) Categorical regression quantifies categorical data by assigning numerical values to the categories, resulting in an optimal linear regression equation for the transformed variables. Categorical regression is also known by the acronym CATREG, for categorical regression. Categorical regression quantifies categorical data by assigning numerical values to the categories, resulting in an optimal linear regression equation for the transformed variables. Categorical regression is also known by the acronym CATREG, for categorical regression.(Tutorial, SPSS 17 version). In this research we have Dining attributes and Customer satisfaction both is categorical variables that apply optimal scaling. Optimal scaling could be used to describe how dining attributes, customer satisfaction depend on customers Re-patronage intentions. We want to check that whether these categorical variables have relationship with Customers Re-patronage Intentions. RESULTS Hypotheses testing Hypothesis is been tested as fellow: H1: Dining attributes have association with Customers Re-patronage intentions. TABLE 1.1 Model Summary Multiple R R Square Adjusted R Square Apparent Prediction Error .768 .590 .253 .410 INTERPRETATION OF TABLE 1.1 TABLE 1.2 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Regression 62.002 47 1.319 1.749 .022 Residual 42.998 57 .754 Total 105.000 104 INTERPRETATION OF TABLE 1.2 TABLE 1.3 Coefficients Standardized Coefficients df F Sig. Beta Bootstrap (1000) Estimate of Std. Error Variety at menu -.535 .344 3 2.423 .075 Palatability/Taste .025 .243 3 .010 .999 Mouth watering .058 .286 1 .042 .839 Nutritious Value .123 .168 3 .535 .660 Timely service -.182 .185 2 .963 .388 Staff greetings .075 .185 1 .164 .687 Staff willing to serve -.089 .190 2 .220 .803 sympathetic handling -.215 .290 2 .549 .580 Cleanliness of restaurants -.213 .284 3 .563 .642 Dining privacy -.146 .202 4 .524 .718 Music -.251 .139 3 3.262 .028 Lighting .170 .231 4 .543 .705 Level of comfort .034 .284 1 .014 .905 Level of noise .101 .215 2 .218 .804 View from restaurants -.178 .179 2 .993 .377 Parking space .125 .156 4 .637 .638 Telephonic .226 .173 2 1.711 .190 valet parking .200 .150 3 1.774 .162 Location -.106 .187 2 .320 .728 H2: Customer satisfaction has association with Customers Re-patronage intentions TABLE 2.1 Model Summary Multiple R R Square Adjusted R Square Apparent Prediction Error .471 .222 .157 .778 INTERPRETATION OF 2.1 TABLE 2.2 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Regression 23.333 8 2.917 3.428 .002 Residual 81.667 96 .851 Total 105.000 104 INTERPRETATION 2.2 TABLE 2.3 Coefficients Standardized Coefficients df F Sig. Beta Bootstrap (1000) Estimate of Std. Error cs1 -.198 .182 1 1.187 .279 cs2 -.264 .167 2 2.491 .088 cs3 -.182 .198 3 .838 .476 cs4 -.320 .132 2 5.907 .004 INTERPRETATION 2.3 References A Almanza, B.A., Jaffe, W. and Lin, L.C. (1994), Use of the service attribute matrix to measure consumer satisfaction, Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 63-75. B Bateson, John E. G. and K. Douglas Hoffman. (1999). Managing Services Marketing, 4th edition. London: Dryden Press. Berry, L. L., E. A. Wall, 2006. Service clues and customer assessment of the service experience: Lessons from marketing. Academy of Management Perspectives 20:42-57. Bitner, M.J. (1992), Services capes: the impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56 No. 2, pp. 57-71. D Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009: What really brings them back? The impact of tangible quality on affect and intention for casual dining restaurant patrons. E Eileen A. Wall and Leonard L. Berry, 2007- The Combined Effects of the Physical Environment and Employee Behavior on Customer Perception of Restaurant Service Quality. H Hubbard, A., Tsuji, A., Williams, C., Seatriz Jr., V. (2003, November). Effects of Touch on Gratuities Received in Same-Gender and Cross-Gender Dyads. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(11), 2427-2438. J Jochen Wirtz, Anna s. Mattila, Rachel l. P. Tan, 2000. The Moderating Role of Target-Arousal on the Impact of Affect on Satisfactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ an Examination in the Context of Service Experiences- Journal of Retailing Vol. 76, No. 3: 348 John Reece, Robert Inbakaran, JaksÃÆ'?a Kivela, 1999Consumer research in the restaurant environment, Part 1: A conceptual model of dining satisfaction and return patronage 11/5 [1999] 205. Johnson, L., Mayer, K. Champaner, E. (2004). Casino Atmospherics from a Customers Perspective: A Re-Examination. UNLV Gaming Research Review Journal, 8(2), 1-10. K Kandampully, J. (1997), Firms should give loyalty before they can expect it from customers, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 92-4. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (2001). The Strategy-focused Organization: How Balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the new Business Environment. Harvard Business School Press. Kuo, R., Chi, S. Kao, S. (1999). A decision support system for location of convenience store through fuzzy AHP. 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Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 46, 3 (304-23). R Raajpoot, N. A. (2002). TANGSERV: A multiple item scale for measuring tangible quality in foodservice industry. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 5(2), 109-127. Reichheld, F. F., and Sasser, W. E. (1990). Zero Defections: Quality Comes to Services. Harvard Business Review, 68(5), 105-112. S Saleh, F. Ryan, C. (1991). Analyzing service quality in the hospitality industry using the SERVQUAL model. The Service Industries Journal, 11(3), 324-343 Supphellen, M. (2000). Understanding core brand equity: Guidelines for in-depth elicitation of brand associations. International Journal of Market Research, 42(3), 319-338. Sureshchander, G. S., Rajendran, C., Anatharaman, R., N. (2002). The relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction: A factor specific approach. Journal of Services Marketing, 16(4), 363-379. T Taylor, S. A., and Baker, T. L. (1994). An Assessment of the Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Formation of Consumers Purchase Intentions. Journal of Retailing, 70(2), 163-178. W Wakefield, K., L., Blodgett, J., G. (1996). The effect of the servicescape on consumersbehavioral intentions in leisure service settings. Journal of Services Marketing, 10(6), 45-61.

Hamlet s Search For Justice - 1294 Words

Many fictional characters are presented with unique circumstances that dictate their life long search for justice, often coming up empty-handed. One character that exemplifies this model of a person in searching for justice appears in Shakespeare’s novel, Hamlet. The title character, Hamlet, understands justice in terms of a noble revenge, but fails to take action, due to his weak disposition to act on his thoughts. Hamlet’s search for justice was not successful because his sense of â€Å"justice† was flawed, ultimately leading not only to his own death, but to Laertes who had a very similar mission to that of Hamlet. Hamlet’s fatal flaw leads to the question concerning what differentiates real justice from faux justice. Hamlet seeks a noble†¦show more content†¦Hamlet doesn’t think it would be just to kill Claudius now because it would be basically sending him â€Å"to heaven† which Hamlet does not want. He wants to take what he perceives as the nobler path of catching Claudius in sin and send him to eternal damnation, where Hamlet’s father supposedly roams. To what seems like noble justice to Hamlet leads him to continuously postpone his revenge. Hamlet is not interested in making himself king, rather he is more interested in killing Claudius the, truthfully, unchristian way. Hamlet does not want Claudius to repent and absolve of his sins. Although Hamlet calls Claudius a â€Å"villain†, it makes the reader ponder if the executioner of the villain is always the â€Å"hero†. So far in the play, Hamlet does not show any characteristics of a traditional hero as he broods and shows temper tantrums. Using his false sense of righteousness, Hamlet waits for the right chance to exact his noble â€Å"revenge†. Although Hamlet is convinced that King Claudius is the murder, he decides to drag this on as he ponders on his own physical existence and state of mind. He thinks about his own suicide and is caught up in the affairs of other characters like Polonius and Ophelia. Finally, he finally manages to scrape together the little amount of dignity and will left inside of him to seek his revenge: The imminent death of twenty thousand men, That for aShow MoreRelatedHamlet s Internal Conflict And Search For Justice2309 Words   |  10 PagesHamlet faces challenges throughout the play that try his inner strengths and test his ability to handle the situation. He is torn between wanting to seek justice, and avenge his father’s death. Hamlet is also caught up in an intricate web of lies and deceit, he is considered mad by most characters when in all actuality it is just playing off of the actions of others to benefit himself. 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William Shakespeare uses Hamlet (appx. 1599) as an example of the nature and consequences of sin in the world, which is highlighted by five specific themes; one per each act.  The first actà ¢â‚¬â„¢s theme is the actual â€Å"Fall† itself, while the second’sRead MoreArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action1494 Words   |  6 Pagesto help others. Second, affirmative action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The case against affirmative action rests heavily on myth and misunderstanding, and following illustrates that an absence of affirmative action in today s society will only reinforce racial injustice. Myth 1: The only way to create a color-blind society is to adopt color-blind policies. 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Victorian Poems Essay Example For Students

Victorian Poems Essay The Victorian period was a time of radical change. Gone were the Romantic releases from misery where birds would sing like a rose embowered (To a Skylark) and in was the Origin of Species which shook the religious world and huge secular transformations such as the industrial revolution. While some people embraced these discoveries with renewed enthusiasm, others started the path towards existentialism. Consequently, the poems which I will be discussing are Dover Beech by Mathew Arnold and Gods Grandeur by Gerald Manly Hopkins which deals with such issues but results in different conclusions. In contrast, both poems are fascinating from the opening stanza, Dover beach starts of tranquil as the grating roar of the sea ebbs the landscape amongst the gleams of moon light. The lexis is relatively simple as Arnold cleverly uses monosyllables along with simple verbs: on the French coast the light gleams and is gone to create a soothing ambience. However, this cadence does not create enlightenment but instead an eternal note of sadness! Conversely, Gods grandeur has a higher opening tempo as Hopkins uses a series of vivid imagery to describe the world. The natural world is charged with the vibrancy of electricity and filled with the richness of oozing oil; Hopkins is portraying the world as wondrous place but in the second quatrain he asks us if there is so much ever-present beauty: Crushed. Why do men then now not reck his rod? This sentence bolsters urgency as the question contains several stressed syllables. Likewise, Hopkins the reputation of have trod, have trod, have trod symbolised the progression of time where internal rhyme in line 8: And all is seared with trade; bleared, smeared with toil symbolises the chaos which the world has now degraded into. From an optimistic world in the opening quatrain, through mans destruction (primarily the industrial revolution), men has managed alienate himself from nature. As you can see, change has different effects of different people. In this instance, Hopkins does not share the enthusiasm of the industrial revolution and is instead more concerned with the atheistic quality of the world. In the second stanza of Dover Beach, we find out more about the authors sadness in the northern sea. He reveals that ebb and flow of the sea reminds him of human misery just like Sophocles long ago. This pessimistic view on life is the antithesis of such Romantic poems by Keats and is predominately caused by the feeling of desertion and lack of hope.

Pirating Music free essay sample

Right now pirating music is one of the most controversial issues on the web because pirating music is Illegal doesnt mean It is causing total harm to the Industry. Pirating music is not displayed properly to the public. Illegal downloading is an illegal action that can result in fines and Jail time if caught but it also helps promote small bands that cant get a deal with a record company. However It does harm profits made by the record company and the band that made the song or album.They are not the only ones though; people who worked for the country and band to help make the music happen are losing their jobs due to pirating music. There are both positives and negatives to pirating music and neither one is known enough to the general public. Pirating music is common occurrence in todays society. Everybody has heard about it, knows someone who does It or even does It themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Pirating Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What people do not completely acknowledge are the consequences that come with it.This is what the ARIA tried to do back in 2005 In 2005, the ARIA attempted to reduce the number of downloaded by threatening to sue. To prove that they were serious, the ARIA sued 14,000 file swappers and increased the negative consequences of file sharing by imposing excessive fines in the amount of $750 per copyright infringement (Reuters 2005). Why should you care what the ARIA thinks? The ARIA Is the company who over sees many record labels in the music industry. So they monitor sales of songs and albums and also help give out awards to artists who earn them. What this means for people who get caught by the ARIA Is they will pay a lot of money for Just a few accounts which is demonstrated by this example This could mean a penalty in the angel of approximately $3 million for someone caught with 4,000 files on a hard drive (Dunker 6-7). A case that has recently occurred Involves a young man named Joel Attenuate. Joel has been sued by a record company for downloading and distributing 31 songs illegally after 2 years of warnings and now faces a $675,000 fine according to cent writer Eleanor Mills.So why do people continue to pirate music from the internet with these kind of consequences at stake? People who illegally download a song from a band that is not popular can spread the word. This is less costly to the band and record company and If people who downloaded the music legally like the artist, they can go back and actually buy the song or album for better music quality. The reason for this is teens would not have bought the song or album they downloaded If they did not know who artist or song was according to Felix Borehole who teaches in the strategy department at Harvard Business School (Harvard Business School).What this professor believes is that there are people called samplers who sample a song or two and if they like the music they hear, they will go out and purchase the music. Pirating music allows people to experiment with music in a non-costly way. Not everyone benefits from Illegal downloading though. Illegally downloaded do unfortunately lose money. The more money that the record company loses, the less artists they can afford to promote to the public. There has been compromises to try and fit everybody needs.Websites like Pandora and Spottily have been created to allow listeners to listen to music at no expense. The catch is there isnt a way to download the music off these sites onto an MPH device or CD which is how this is a legal alternative. All listeners have to do is accept the terms to having random pop-up adds while listening to their music. Industries like the ARIA hope this can help resolve the pirating problem. Another source that was created was tunes in 2003. The reason why tunes was such a big success was the convenience of the online store.This way music listeners can as easily get a hold of music they want legally with the same lack of effort, rather than having to go to the store. At $0. 99 per song, tunes became a huge hit and success. Just in the first 2 years they made a profit, By the end of 2003, these music downloads reported earning nearly $30 million (Burt, 2004). Further By March 2004, tunes had sold 50 million songs for $0. 9 each, making it a huge hit (Fried 2004) written by Matthias Dunker, thus helping the music industry recover profits that it had lost in the past few years to piracy.Pirating music is an expense-free way to have music. This saves money to be spent on other more mandatory expenses. This isnt the only benefit though to pirating music. Small town bands have a hard time getting record deals with record companies to become big stars. In 2005 most of the music industry was controlled by four major record companies: Universal Music Group, Sony BMW Music Entertainment, MI Group, and Warner Music Group according to Nelson Sounds (Oracle Thinkers). These are the companies that can afford to promote their artists through radio and television.Bands that cannot get a deal with these companies are stuck with lower budget companies that produce lower quality music and videos. This is one of the benefits to illegal downloading music. There are some reasons why people have resulted to pirating music in this time period. Talking from personal experience, I have illegally downloaded music which is the reason why I chose this topic. I started to download music illegally because tunes had raised the price of a lot of popular songs from $0. 99 to $1. 9. This may not seem like a drastic change in price but over a long time frame it is.After a while I could no longer afford to keep on getting my music from tunes. This action made by tunes and other parts of the music industry have raised prices of music due pirating music Also being a college student means you dont make a lot of money. Any money you do make will either go towards your schooling funds or food. So this is an expense that a student in college cannot really afford to have. This is why things can get so controversial with this subject, Both the good and the bad side of the arguments have good points dad.

Moby Dick Analysis Essays

Moby Dick Analysis Essays Moby Dick Analysis Paper Moby Dick Analysis Paper 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 13 Dec 2010. Nick Selby. â€Å"Herman Melville, Moby Dick. † Columbia University Press, 1999 William S. Gleim. â€Å"The Meaning of Moby Dick. † Kessinger Publishing, 2006

VISC 1004-01 Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

VISC 1004-01 Final - Essay Example ree films was developed in different historical moments, all the films present the same social biases, whether it is the biases related to the relationship between the rich and the poor or the biases related to the intimate relationship between individuals of two different races. However, in all the films, the female gender seems to suffer the most social prejudices, since their choice of happiness is rarely appreciated by the people in their lives, whether their families or their friends. The Far from Heaven (2002) is a film that was developed in the 21st century, telling of the story of a love relationship that eventually becomes disapproved by the society. Cathy Whitaker is a rich woman who happens to be living in a marriage that has no happiness and no sexual fulfillment, until she comes to learn very late that her husband, Frank, was also a gay (Haynes, n.p.). In the course of her stressed life, Cathy Whitaker happens to come across Raymond Deagan, who is the son of her former gardener who is already dead (Haynes, n.p.). Due to the unfulfilling marriage that Cathy Whitaker lives in, she develops passionate feelings towards Raymond, which eventually turns into love feelings that see both establish an intimate relationship. However, considering that Cathy Whitaker is a rich woman who is courting Raymond; a black and poor man, the society applies its social biases and prejudices against the black race and against the relationship between the rich and the poor, to ev entually separate the two. Three white boys abuses Raymond’s daughter, causing Raymond to decide never to engage with a white woman again (Haynes, n.p.). The whole neighborhood is also spreading word about the unethical relationship between Cathy Whitaker, a married woman, and a black poor man, causing Cathy Whitaker to be the laughing stock of the whole neighborhood. The same script is repeated in the film Ali: Fear Eats the Soul (1974), where Emmi, a German widow in her 60s gets engaged with a

Intellectual property law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Intellectual property law - Coursework Example The last named often includes copying of "intellectual property" without authorization in writing from the copyright holder, who in almost all cases is a publisher who has been authorized to act on behalf of the work’s creator (Cornish and Llewelyn, 2007). Through the parliament, the United Kingdom enacted Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48), which is also called CDPA. Under section 1 of the Copyright,1 existence of copyright in an original literary work is spelt out. A person is assumed to have violated the Copyright if he does any act that is restricted by the Act, which includes copying literary work without seeking permission from the author or the copyright owner,2 and publicizing copies of the work.3 Breach of the copyright can be committed in respect to the whole of a sizeable part of the work.4 Provided that certain conditions are fulfilled, copyright grants the author of the work exclusive rights over their use. For instance, the author of a work enjoys ex clusive rights to prevent or allow performance of their work in public or its copying. These rights are referred to as economic rights (Intellectual Property Office, 2011). Copyright is violated if someone does any of the exclusive actions prohibited by the copyright devoid of consent from the owner, in respect to the entire or a substantial component of a copyright work. Notably, there are exceptional circumstances where someone may use copyrighted work without violating the copyright. In the case of Paul Gregory Allen v (1) Bloomsbury Publishing plc (2) Joanne Kathleen Murray, 5 it will be discussed, in length, to what extent the judges considered copyrights as infringed or not infringed and the reasons they based their judgements on. Civil Procedure Rules A court is charged with the power to grant a summary judgement on the entire claim or on a particular issue or against a claimant or defendant as per rule 24.2, which is enshrined in the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR).6 However, tw o things must be considered before a summary judgement is granted including that the defendant or the claimant cannot successfully defend the claim and if there is any other gripping purpose why the the case should be taken for trial. Under CPR rule 24.6, security for costs can be put as a condition to act as an option to give a summary judgement (Cornish and Llewelyn, 2007). Facts The famous case between the popular Harry Potter series and the litigant, the Estate of Adrian Jacobs, the author of little known Willy the Wizard, a 16-page 1987 publication, shed new light into copyright issues and brought a completely new perspective into the history of copyright litigation.   Paul Gregory Allen on behalf of the Adrian Jacob estate, alleged that defendant, Scholastic Inc. continued to reproduce, distribute, offer for sale, sell copies of the book by J.K Rowling Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, which is "In substance similar to the copyrighted book Willy the Wizard, thus violating the United States Copyright Act. The authors of Harry Potter were therefore accused of violating the right to derivative works and hence the other copyrights of the complainant. This makes the case unique as the court had to decide whether there were ideas that were

Evaluate the economic impact of free immigration on a receiving country Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the economic impact of free immigration on a receiving country Essay Impact of free immigration on the economic prospects still remains vague as experts provide juxtaposing view and arguments but it clearly manifest that immigration has a deep impact on the economy of a country. (Borjas, 1995) Migrants pay taxes, claim benefits, consume services and these results in the amplification of government spending. If the balance between the payment of taxes by these immigrants and government expenditure disturbs, then it results into the fiscal deficit. This can have adverse effects on the country’s economy. But studies (Home Office, 2007) showed that this balance remained migrants. This study says that â€Å"in the long run, it is likely that the net fiscal contribution of an immigrant will be greater that that of a non-immigrant† (Home Office, 2007; 10) Another added advantage of free immigration is the provision of labour. It remained a prime source of additional labour supply in the past and will serve the purpose of increasing productivity ion future. Free immigration often occurs due to economic needs and these migrants remain enthusiastic and productive within the workplace. Legrain is of the view that ‘when workers from poor countries move to rich ones, they too can make use of rich countries’ superior capital and technology, so they become more productive’ (Legrain, 2006; 64) Skilled and experienced migrants contribute in another way i. e. interaction between people with different experiences and ideas will supplement innovation and efficiency and production will increase. Furthermore, Migrants will produce a consuming class that boost productivity and will maintain/increase the economic growth rate. Legrain says, ‘Immigrants with different skills and abilities allow us to consume goods and services that were not previously available or consume existing goods and services at much lower prices’ (Legrain, 2006; 68). Although free immigration may have some adverse affects on the economy in the short-term but above-mentioned arguments and past studies shows that it has positive impact the macroeconomics inn the long term.

Comparing Death of a Salesman and The American Dream Essay -- comparis

Comparing Death of a Salesman and The American Dream   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Arthur Miller’s Death of A Salesman and Edward Albee’s The American Dream, Willy Lowman and Mommy possess the trait of superficiality. Their priorities are to look good and be liked, and this contributes to their misguided paths to reach success. This attribute is one of many societal criticisms pointed out by both authors. Arthur Miller criticizes society for perceiving success as being liked and having good looks. He illustrates society’s perception through Willy, who thinks the keys to success are being popular and attractive. Willy transmits this philosophy to his sons by ignoring their education and personal growth and setting an example that popularity is most important.   Edward Albee criticizes society for the same thing. He points out the wrong priorities in life such as emphasizing good looks and the wish to be liked at the expense of deeper ethics and morals. Through Mommy’s incident with the hat, which showed she wanted to be liked, and her problems with her own son’s physical and mental faults, which showed she cared too much for good looks, Albee shows how society is misguided in its methods to achieve success. Miller’s Willy shows many times that his idea of success goes no deeper than the superficial by teaching his sons the wrong path to a successful life. When Biff was in high school, Willy had already started to teach his son the false values in which he believed. When Willy found out Biff had stolen a football and was caught by his coach, who did not get angry, Willy responded by using the incident as an example of the importance of his philosophy. "That’s because he likes you. If somebody else took that ball there’d be an uproar." (... ...ve path in the form of Bernard, who unlike Biff and Happy, does well in school, is not well liked by others, and is a relatively unattractive man. However, his goals are more within reach because he is prepared to work hard and is less concerned with the opinions of others.    Works Cited and Consulted Albee, Edward. The American Dream. Toronto: Plume, 1997 Baym, Franklin, Gottesman, Holland, et al., eds.   The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   4th ed.   New York: Norton, 1994. Costello, Donald P. â€Å"Arthur Miller’s Circles of Responsibility: A View From a Bridge and Beyond.† Modern Drama. 36 (1993): 443-453. Hayashi, Tetsumaro.   Arthur Miller Criticism.   Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1969. Martin, Robert A., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. Miller, Arthur.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Viking, 1965.

Model Summary “Computers and the Pursuit of Happiness” Essay

In his article â€Å"Computers and the Pursuit of Happiness,† David Gelernter examines the impact of computers in the life of mankind. He addresses three questions: whether computers and the internet started a new information age, whether computers have been good for the human race, and whether they will have a positive impact in the next half century. For the first question, Gelernter’s answer is â€Å"no’ because, according to him, computers haven’t reduced our basic needs for things such as food, clothing, shelter and one another, nor has it decreased our need for physical stuff. He looks at the three arguments that people who claim that we are in a new information age make: we have new machines that can create, store and deliver information, that computer networks have conquered geography and that these are intelligent machines. He contradicts all three claims. First, he says computers are only the latest in a series of inventions that started us in the information age in the early 20th century. Second, mankind had already started to conquer distance through infrastructure and technology. Finally, there had been many other intelligent machines before computers such as the thermostat, the electrical system in a car, flying machines, radio, TV, electricity and so on. However, he concedes that computers have had a big impact in science and engineering since it is cheaper and more efficient to use computational models in research in those fields. Next, Gelernter addresses the question whether computers have been good for mankind. He contends that if human beings are poor or ignorant, they need more wealth and information. In this country, most people are above the threshold of poverty and ignorance; hence, what computers bring into their life doesn’t matter much except while people are in the process of acquiring more wealth and information. Despite the wealth and information computers have generated, human happiness hasn’t increased on the whole. Although technology does change social structures, the important question is whether those new social structures are better than the old ones. Gelernter says it is impossible to compare the two because the new ones have more â€Å"machine ingredients† whereas the old ones had more â€Å"human ingredients†. Finally, to the question whether computers will benefit human race in the next half-century, Gelernter responds by saying that computers and software are bringing in new possibilities and structures. Online schools make it possible for lessons to be presented and learned in ways that would not be possible otherwise. Although he would prefer face-to-face teaching by live teachers, he thinks due to the state of affairs in the American school system, software based teaching seems like the best hope. Gelernter concludes the article by saying that computers may be stronger, faster and more intelligent than humans, but the uniqueness of mankind â€Å"lie beyond strength, speed and intellect† and he hopes in the future computer technology will show us how human beings can build extraordinary machines and, ultimately, how meaningless these machines are.

Trabajo en Estados Unidos - Opciones legales

El trabajo en Estados Unidos puede ser desempeà ±ado legalmente no sà ³lo por los ciudadanos,sino tambià ©n por los extranjeros que son residentes permanentes legales. Y por los que son titulares de visas temporales de trabajo o de permisos de trabajo. Existen varias opciones para conseguir tanto la codiciada tarjeta de residencia permanente como las visas y los permisos de trabajo. Debe tomarse en cuenta que a la hora de encontrar patrocinador de visa de trabajo, en los estados con menor tasa de desempleo puede ser mà ¡s fà ¡cil. Estas son todas las opciones migratorias que permiten trabajar legalmente en USA: Ciudadanos estadounidenses Los ciudadanos pueden desempeà ±arse laboralmente en cualquier trabajo para el que reà ºnan las calificaciones necesarias. La ciudadanà ­a la disfrutan todas las personas nacidas en Estados Unidos y las naturalizadas tras cinco aà ±os como residentes permanentes legales, o tres para el caso de los cà ³nyuges de estadounidenses. Residentes permanentes legales Son los titulares de una green card o tarjeta de residencia. Los residentes pueden vivir y trabajar en Estados Unidos de por vida, siempre que conserven la residencia fà ­sica en el paà ­s. En determinados casos, como condena por determinados delitos, la residencia puede perderse y el extranjero ser deportado. No todos los trabajos està ¡n abiertos para los residentes permanentes. Por ejemplo, es muy comà ºn que en trabajos relacionados con la seguridad o defensa de Estados Unidos se exija un determinado pase de seguridad (security clearance) que sà ³lo se concede a ciudadanos. Ademà ¡s, en cualquiera de las cuatro ramas del Ejà ©rcito (Tierra, Mar, Aire y Marines) hay determinadas posiciones para los que està ¡n excluidos todos los extranjeros.Y por supuesto que el requisito de la ciudadanà ­a tambià ©n puede ser requerido por las empresas privadas. Hay varios caminos para obtener una green card. Desde peticiones de la tarjeta para extranjeros realizadas por sus familiares estadounidenses o residentes permanentes a solicitudes por parte de empresas, pasando por una loterà ­a anual de 50,000 residencias. Una vez que se tiene la green card se puede buscar trabajo legalmente a travà ©s de familiares, amigos o recurriendo a bases de datos o empresas especialista en buscar empleo. Visas de trabajo temporal para extranjeros cualificados A pesar de la crisis econà ³mica, hay trabajo en Estados Unidos para los profesionales con ciertas cualificaciones. Esta categorà ­a comprende a un nà ºmero amplio de visas que permiten a sus titulares trabajar por un tiempo determinado en EEUU. Destacan, entre otras, la H-1B para profesionales o modelos, aunque en los à ºltimos aà ±os hay tantas solicitudes que, salvo excepciones para algunas situaciones, es preciso realizar una  loterà ­a de visas H-1B   Ademà ¡s, existe la L, para transferencias de empleados de una multinacional, la G-4 para trabajadores de organizaciones internacionales con oficinas en Estados Unidos, o la O para personas con habilidades especiales. Cada tipo de visa tiene su propia normativa. Como consecuencia, puede haber grandes diferencias entre una y otra en cuestiones como duracià ³n, posibilidad de aplicar o no para una tarjeta de residencia, permiso de empleo o no para los cà ³nyuges de los titulares principales de las visas o, incluso, la posibilidad de cambiar de empresa. Es muy importante que los extranjeros que disfrutan de visas conozcan las condiciones de las mismas. Visas de trabajo en Estados Unido para extranjeros sin calificaciones La visa H-2B  permite la contratacià ³n de extranjeros para desempeà ±ar labores temporales no agrà ­colas para los que no hay suficientes estadounidenses o residentes permanentes dispuestos a realizarlas. Estas visas se conceden generalmente por un aà ±o, ampliable hasta un mà ¡ximo de tres y se utilizan para cubrir puestos de trabajo de naturaleza temporal en sectores como los parques de atracciones, resorts de montaà ±a, estaciones de ski o playas. El proceso para contratar a extranjeros con una visa H-2B debe iniciarlo la empresa empleadora estadounidense mediante el relleno de la planilla  I-129. Sà ³lo los ciudadanos de determinados paà ­ses pueden beneficiarse de este tipo de visas. El listado es publicado por el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y, en la actualidad, comprende los siguientes paà ­ses hispanohablantes: Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Espaà ±a, Guatemala, Honduras, Mà ©xico, Nicaragua, Perà º, Repà ºblica Dominicana y Uruguay. Existe un là ­mite de visas H-2B que se pueden conceder por aà ±o fiscal, habià ©ndose establecido en 66,000, pudià ©ndose conceder 33,000 en los seis primeros meses e igual nà ºmero en los seis à ºltimos. Por otro lado, las visas C1/D permiten ingresar a EE.UU. para embarcar como trabajar en un crucero, para lo que frecuentemente se recurre a agencias especializadas en este tipo de empleo. Los salarios son competitivos y, como regla general, superiores al salario mà ­nimo en EE.UU. Visas de trabajo en Estados Unidos en labores agrà ­colas Las visas H-2A se conceden a extranjeros para trabajar en puestos de trabajo relacionados con el campo y se conceden por un aà ±o, que se puede extender hasta tres. Ademà ¡s, el trabajador que disfrute de esta visa puede viajar a Estados Unidos acompaà ±ado por su cà ³nyuge e hijos. En este visado, que se conoce como el programa de trabajadores huà ©sped agrà ­colas, la empresa o el empleador americano que solicita a un trabajador extranjero deberà ¡n garantizar que à ©ste recibe el mismo salario y disfruta de las mismas condiciones laborales que los trabajadores estadounidenses que realicen labores similares. Ademà ¡s, deberà ¡n proveerle con alojamiento gratuito, comidas a bajo precio, si esa es la costumbre en el lugar, y boleto pagado de ida y vuelta desde su paà ­s de origen. Al igual que ocurre con las visas H-2B, sà ³lo los ciudadanos de determinados paà ­ses pueden recibir estas visas. En la actualidad comprende a los siguientes paà ­ses: Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador,Espaà ±a, Guatemala, Honduras, Mà ©xico, Nicaragua, Perà º, Repà ºblica Dominicana y Uruguay. Y a diferencia de lo que aplica a la H-2B, en las visas temporales de naturaleza agrà ­cola no existe un cupo mà ¡ximo anual de visados que se pueden conceder. Los inmigrantes con visa H-2A y H-2B deben ser pagados  el salario mà ­nimo o mà ¡s. Para los que buscan trabajo, este es un listado de mà ¡s de 60 reclutadores mexicanos de trabajadores temporeros para trabajar en Estados Unidos con visas H-2A y H-2B. Estudiantes internacionales En determinadas condiciones, los estudiantes internacionales podrà ¡n obtener un permiso de trabajo que serà ¡ emitido por el USCIS. Deberà ¡n confirmar que pueden trabajar con el oficial de la escuela o universidad a cargo de los estudiantes internacionales (DSO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Conviene subrayar que cualquier actividad laboral por la que se cobre dinero que se realice sin tener un permiso de trabajo supone una violacià ³n de la visa. Visitantes de intercambio Comprende una gran variedad de posibilidades bajo el amparo de las visas J, conocidas como de intercambio. Por ejemplo, au pairs, profesores y maestros, mà ©dicos, consejeros de campamentos de verano, prà ¡cticas al acabar los estudios e, incluso, estudiantes de secundaria. Las condiciones de trabajo està ¡n fijadas en la visa. Permiso de trabajo en Estados Unidos Las personas que se encuentran, entre otras, en situacià ³n de asilo, solicitantes de asilo, acogidos a un Programa de Proteccià ³n Temporal (TPS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), refugiados, o sean personas procesando un ajuste de estatus para conseguir una green card pueden solicitarle al USCIS un Permiso de Autorizacià ³n de Trabajo (EAD, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Tambià ©n pueden aplicar, en determinadas circunstancias, las và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica. Este es un listado completo de quià ©nes pueden solicitar un permiso de trabajo. Visas TN para mexicanos y canadienses Bajo el amparo del Tratado de Libre Comercio de Norteamà ©rica (NAFTA), mexicanos y canadienses pueden disfrutar de visas para trabajar en Estados Unidos que se otorgan por un periodo inicial de hasta tres aà ±os. Un listado seà ±ala publicado en la pà ¡gina oficial de NAFTA seà ±ala 60 profesiones que permiten aplicar. Puede acompaà ±ar al titular de la visa su cà ³nyuge e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, quienes no podrà ¡n trabajar en Estados Unidos. Trabajo al crear empleo con visa de inversià ³n Son los casos de la E-1 para negocios de import/export y la E-2 para los demà ¡s casos. las personas interesadas en esta visa deben comenzar a informarse sobre de quà © paà ­ses hay que tener un pasaporte para poder solicitarla y sobre cuà ¡nto dinero hay que invertir y cà ³mo entender este requisito. Empresas e instituciones patrocinadoras Como en la mayorà ­a de los casos de visas o green card por trabajo se necesita una empresa que patrocine, es de interà ©s conocer las 100 que patrocinan  mà ¡s visas H-1B  y las 100 que patrocinan mà ¡s green cards.   A tener en cuenta cuando la visa tarda mucho Los trà ¡mites con Inmigracià ³n pueden demorarse mucho mà ¡s de lo esperado. Pero cuando se excede el tiempo habitual para un procedimiento en concreto cabe la posibilidad de demandar mediante un writ of mandamus (consultar con un abogado). Otras opciones diferentes a Estados Unidos Es cierto que Estados Unidos es un paà ­s que atrae a millones de migrantes permanentes y temporales, pero no es el à ºnico. Canadà ¡ tambià ©n es un destino favorito de migrantes. Este es un listado de mà ¡s de 300 profesiones que pueden acceder a un sistema exprà ©s para emigrar.   Finalmente, este es un listado de 20 paà ­ses en los que es posible comprar el pasaporte o la tarjeta de residencia a cambio de una cantidad de dinero.   Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.